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The event of 1834 is a turning point in the history of foreign relations with China. It fundamentally changed the nature of relations between China and the United Kingdom; the settlement between the British sea-traders and the Chinese authorities failed, which ultimately led to the Battle of Humen and later the First Opium War between China and the United Kingdom in 1840.




Such an important event has hardly been studied in-depth; in most cases it is referenced in relevant scholarly publications; however, they just repeat what others say; the references quoted, the descriptions, the conclusions are flawed in many ways. Even as great as Hosea Ballou Morse was, he was deceived by others; consequently, in his publications he cited a passage which was distorted.




This book is the first publication to address the event in 1834. It will impress readers with its rigorous use of words. In terms of references, the author uses direct citations and original documents to argue and explain the main question, comparing it with indirect references; this method is much more accurate. As a result, this book contributes to new historical thinking and gives different conclusions, and is an eye opener.




This book is rare and valuable; it provides a plausible explanation of the link and development between the Chinese empire and modern China. The logic is clear and strong to support the conclusions. For those who want to know more about Chinese history, it is a must-read.